Gaudiya Vaishnavas generally also abstain from caffeine, because they believe it clouds the mind and overstimulates the senses. [284] To be initiated under a guru, one must have had no caffeine, alcohol, nicotine or other drugs, for at least a year. [285] EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (2015). "Scientific Opinion on the safety of caffeine". EFSA Journal. 13 (5): 4102. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4102. Caffeine increases intraocular pressure in those with glaucoma but does not appear to affect normal individuals. [135]

Keep in mind that coffee also contains other substances that improve health. Some benefits listed above may be caused by substances other than caffeine. Summary In fact, evidence shows a 16–18% lower risk of heart disease in men and women who drink between 1–4 cups of coffee daily (providing approximately 100–400 mg of caffeine) ( 29). Caffeine in coffee and other caffeinated drinks can affect gastrointestinal motility and gastric acid secretion. [86] [87] [88] In postmenopausal women, high caffeine consumption can accelerate bone loss. [89] [90] In healthy children, moderate caffeine intake under 400mg produces effects that are "modest and typically innocuous". [74] [75] As early as six months old, infants can metabolize caffeine at the same rate as that of adults. [76] Higher doses of caffeine (>400mg) can cause physiological, psychological and behavioral harm, particularly for children with psychiatric or cardiac conditions. [74] There is no evidence that coffee stunts a child's growth. [77] The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that caffeine consumption is not appropriate for children and adolescents and should be avoided. [78] This recommendation is based on a clinical report released by American Academy of Pediatrics in 2011 with a review of 45 publications from 1994 to 2011 and includes inputs from various stakeholders (Pediatricians, Committee on nutrition, Canadian Pediatric Society, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Food and Drug Administration, Sports Medicine & Fitness committee, National Federations of High School Associations). [78] For children age 12 and under, Health Canada recommends a maximum daily caffeine intake of no more than 2.5 milligrams per kilogram of body weight. Based on average body weights of children, this translates to the following age-based intake limits: [72] Age range

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a b Qi H, Li S (April 2014). "Dose-response meta-analysis on coffee, tea and caffeine consumption with risk of Parkinson's disease". Geriatrics & Gerontology International. 14 (2): 430–9. doi: 10.1111/ggi.12123. PMID 23879665. S2CID 42527557.

The UK Food Standards Agency has recommended that pregnant women should limit their caffeine intake, out of prudence, to less than 200mg of caffeine a day– the equivalent of two cups of instant coffee, or one and a half to two cups of fresh coffee. [80] The American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) concluded in 2010 that caffeine consumption is safe up to 200mg per day in pregnant women. [29] For women who breastfeed, are pregnant, or may become pregnant, Health Canada recommends a maximum daily caffeine intake of no more than 300mg, or a little over two 8oz (237mL) cups of coffee. [72] A 2017 systematic review on caffeine toxicology found evidence supporting that caffeine consumption up to 300mg/day for pregnant women is generally not associated with adverse reproductive or developmental effect. [73] a b c Burchfield G (1997). Meredith H (ed.). "What's your poison: caffeine". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 26 July 2009 . Retrieved 15 January 2014. Caffeine can be quantified in blood, plasma, or serum to monitor therapy in neonates, confirm a diagnosis of poisoning, or facilitate a medicolegal death investigation. Plasma caffeine levels are usually in the range of 2–10mg/L in coffee drinkers, 12–36mg/L in neonates receiving treatment for apnea, and 40–400mg/L in victims of acute overdosage. Urinary caffeine concentration is frequently measured in competitive sports programs, for which a level in excess of 15mg/L is usually considered to represent abuse. [209] AnalogsCaffeine sometimes increases the effectiveness of some medications, such as those for headaches. [159] Caffeine was determined to increase the potency of some over-the-counter analgesic medications by 40%. [160] a b Introduction to Pharmacology (thirded.). Abingdon: CRC Press. 2007. pp.222–223. ISBN 978-1-4200-4742-4. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023 . Retrieved 25 August 2017. Reduced MS risk. Coffee drinkers may have up to a 30% lower risk of developing multiple sclerosis (MS). However, not all studies agree ( 48, 49). Duyff RL. Think your drinks. In: Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Complete Food and Nutrition Guide. 5th ed. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt; 2017.

Simulated keypress changed from right context menu key to F15 as this is likely to be even less intrusive. He nodded gravely. “That’s really not good, all those interruptions. Sleep quality is just as important as sleep quantity.” The interruptions were undermining the amount of “deep” or “slow wave” sleep I was getting, something above and beyond the REM sleep I had always thought was the measure of a good night’s rest. But it seems that deep sleep is just as important to our health, and the amount we get tends to decline with age. Caffeine in a dose dependent manner increases alertness in both fatigued and normal individuals. [56]Structure of a typical chemical synapse Caffeine's primary mechanism of action is as an adenosine receptor antagonist in the brain.